Could I have damaged my vision?

Looking directly at the sun can hurt a bit but the body generally heals from that. You essentially burn the retina when you look at the sun, and it is a burn like you might get on your skin. It is stress on the eye and eye muscle. The stars you saw were spots where the bright light burned - or really overexposed your vision. For example, in a camera if you take a picture of something too bright, the image is completely burned out - you cannot see anything. Well you eye is like that, but the body does heal from smaller injuries. In most instances that would not be a permanent injury, so I wouldn't make myself crazy over it. If the exposure was longer, but this was essentially a glance, something that can happen to anyone. Take it easy on yourself, you likely have not made permanent damage.